Testing of mutations on thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: A prospective study of 112 patients in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The study of genetic mutations in thyroid nodules makes it possible to improve the preoperative diagnosis of and reduce unnecessary surgeries on benign nodules. In this study, we analysed the impact of implementing a 7-gene mutation panel that enables mutations to be detected in BRAF and RAS (H/N/K) and the gene fusions PAX8/PPARG, RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC2, in a population in northern Argentina. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of 112 fine needle aspirations diagnosed as having indeterminate cytology according to the Bethesda classification system. These include the Bethesda III or atypia of unknown significance/follicular lesion of unknown significance and Bethesda IV or follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm categories. The mutations of the 7-gene panel were analysed and this information was linked to the available histology and ultrasound monitoring. RESULTS: The BRAF V600E and RET/PTC1 mutations were associated with carcinoma in 100% of cases (n = 8), whereas only 37.5% (n = 3) of the nodules with RAS and 17% (n = 1) with PAX8/PPARG mutations were associated with carcinoma. From the histological diagnosis and ultrasound monitoring of patients, we can estimate that this panel has a sensitivity of 86% in detecting malignant carcinoma, a specificity of 77%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 54% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 94%. In this study, it was possible to reduce the number of surgeries by 48% in the patients analysed. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the mutation panel allowed the appropriate surgical strategy to be selected for each patient, the number of two-step surgeries to be reduced, and active follow-up to be established in low-risk patients.

Testing of mutations on thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: A prospective study of 112 patients in Argentina. / Testeo de mutaciones en nódulos tiroideos con citología indeterminada: estudio prospectivo de 112 pacientes en Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The study of genetic mutations in thyroid nodules makes it possible to improve the preoperative diagnosis of and reduce unnecessary surgeries on benign nodules. In this study, we analysed the impact of implementing a 7-gene mutation panel that enables mutations to be detected in BRAF and RAS (H/N/K) and the gene fusions PAX8/PPARG, RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC2, in a population in northern Argentina. METHOD: We performed a prospective analysis of 112 fine needle aspirations diagnosed as having indeterminate cytology according to the Bethesda classification system. These include the Bethesda III or atypia of unknown significance/follicular lesion of unknown significance and Bethesda IV or follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm categories. The mutations of the 7-gene panel were analysed and this information was linked to the available histology and ultrasound monitoring. RESULTS: The BRAF V600E and RET/PTC1 mutations were associated with carcinoma in 100% of cases (n=8), whereas only 37.5% (n=3) of the nodules with RAS and 17% (n=1) with PAX8/PPARG mutations were associated with carcinoma. From the histological diagnosis and ultrasound monitoring of patients, we can estimate that this panel has a sensitivity of 86% in detecting malignant carcinoma, a specificity of 77%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 54% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 94%. In this study, it was possible to reduce the number of surgeries by 48% in the patients analysed. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the mutation panel allowed the appropriate surgical strategy to be selected for each patient, the number of two-step surgeries to be reduced, and active follow-up to be established in low-risk patients.

Prognostic value of star-shaped intense uptake of 131I in thyroid cancer patients. / Valores pronósticos de la captación en estrella de 131I en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides.

OBJECTIVE: After 131I treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), we sometimes find a star-shaped intense uptake of 131I on therapeutic whole body scans (Rx-WBS), called star artifacts. Therefore, we analyzed the relevant clinical factors and prognostic value of star artifacts in DTC patients. METHODS: 809 DTC patients who received 131I treatment were retrospectively evaluated and divided into 2 groups of patients with and without star artifacts. We evaluated the therapeutic response which was divided into excellent response (ER), biochemical incomplete response (BIR), indeterminate response (IR), and structural incomplete response (SIR). Clinical factors for the presence of star artifacts were analyzed. We also compared the rate of ER, BIR, IR, SIR and recurrence rate between group 1 and group 2. RESULTS: The major clinical factors included stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg)>1.8ng/ml, 24h radioiodine uptake (RAIU)>2.2%, and positive 99mTcO4- thyroid imaging for the presence of star artifacts. In patients with sTg levels>10ng/ml, patients in group 1 had a higher rate of ablation success and ER than patients in group 2 (80.2% vs 65.6%, P=0.038, 31.6% vs 13.1%, P=0.008, respectively) and had a similar rate of BIR, IR, SIR. Recurrence rate was similar between group 1 and group 2 (5.2% vs 3.1%, P=0.13). CONCLUSION: More remnant thyroid tissue is one of the factors associated with the presence of star artifacts on Rx-WBS. Patients with star artifacts exhibit a better therapeutic response (ER) when sTg levels are >10ng/ml. However, star artifacts have no effect on the recurrence rate.

Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma misdiagnosed as a medullary thyroid carcinoma.

The intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma is a rare neoplasm. The probable origin of this neoplasm is the presence of ectopic thymic tissue or remnants of the third and fourth branchial arch. The case of a 49-year-old female with an initial diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer is presented. When she was operated for regional recurrence, 16 years later, the pathology report demonstrates the presence of a intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma. Intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma is considered an independent type of thyroid carcinoma because this entity has specific clinical-pathological characteristics similar to thymic carcinomas and different prognosis than known thyroid carcinomas. We present the case of a patient initially treated as having a medullary thyroid carcinoma who, upon presenting recurrence, the presence of intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma was demonstrated.

El carcinoma tímico intratiroideo es una neoplasia rara. El origen probable de esta neoplasia es la presencia de tejido tímico ectópico o de restos del tercer y cuarto arcos branquiales. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 49 años con diagnóstico inicial de cáncer medular de tiroides. Cuando fue operada por recurrencia regional, 16 años después, se demostró la presencia de un carcinoma tímico intratiroideo, que se considera un tipo independiente de carcinoma tiroideo debido a que tiene características clínico-patológicas específicas similares a los carcinomas tímicos y un pronóstico diferente a los carcinomas de tiroides conocidos. Este caso se trató inicialmente como carcinoma medular de tiroides y al presentar recurrencia se demostró la presencia de un carcinoma tímico intratiroideo.

Carcinoma tiroideo en nódulo centellográfico hipercaptante: reporte de caso / Thyroid carcinoma in hypercaptative scintigraphic nodule: case report

Los nódulos tiroideos suelen ser benignos en más del 95% de los casos y eutiroideos. La probabilidad de cáncer de tiroides en el hipertiroidismo es baja. Al enfrentarse a un nódulo tiroideo la importancia radica en excluir patología maligna, pero se debe mantener el orden en el algoritmo de estudio para evitar un diagnóstico incorrecto y caer en costos innecesarios. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 23 años de edad con hipertiroidismo que en la ecografía aparece un nódulo tiroideo y adenopatía derecha, ambos con elementos sospechosos de malignidad, por lo que se pide punción de ambas estructuras, y se confirma el carcinoma papilar en el nódulo tiroideo, no así en la adenopatía. En el centellograma se observa un nódulo caliente que coincide con el nódulo maligno. Se realiza biopsia intraoperatoria de la adenopatía sospechosa y resulta ser una metástasis de carcinoma papilar. Se procedió a la tiroidectomía total con vaciamiento ganglionar central y lateral derecho. La anatomía patológica confirmó la presencia del carcinoma papilar clásico con metástasis de la adenopatía sospechosa. Posteriormente se administraron 130 mCi de radioyodo. Se debe considerar que los carcinomas pueden enmascararse ocasionalmente como nódulos «calientes¼ en el centellograma y en este caso, si bien en principio no estaría indicada la punción con aguja fina del nódulo dado que es hipercaptante en el centellograma, la ecografía demuestra elementos sospechosos contundentes de malignidad. En este caso el hilo conductor fue la ecografía y se rompió con el esquema clásico en la solicitud de estudios paraclínicos, obteniendo finalmente la confirmación diagnóstica de un cáncer y se realizó el tratamiento adecuado del mismo.

Thyroid nodules are usually benign in more than 95% of cases and euthyroid. The likelihood of thyroid cancer in hyperthyroidism is low. When dealing with a thyroid nodule the importance lies in excluding malignant pathology, but order must be maintained in the study algorithm to avoid an incorrect diagnosis and to fall into unnecessary costs. We present the case of a 23-year-old woman with hyperthyroidism who presented a thyroid nodule and right adenopathy on ultrasound, both with suspicious elements of malignancy, so puncture of both structures was requested, and papillary carcinoma was confirmed in the thyroid nodule, but not in adenopathy. In the scintigraphy a hot nodule is observed that coincides with the malignant nodule. Intraoperative biopsy of the suspected adenopathy is performed and it turns out to be a metastasis of papillary carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy was performed with central and right lateral lymph node dissection. The pathological anatomy confirmed the presence of classic papillary carcinoma with metastasis of the suspected adenopathy. Subsequently, 130 mCi of radioiodine was administered. It should be considered that carcinomas can occasionally be masked as «hot¼ nodules in the scintigraphy and in this case, although in principle the fine needle puncture of the nodule is not indicated given that it is hypercaptant in the scintigraphy, the ultrasound shows blunt suspicious elements of malignancy. In this case, the common thread was ultrasound and it was broken with the classic scheme in the request for paraclinical studies, finally obtaining the diagnostic confirmation of a cancer and the appropriate treatment was carried out.

Detection of the sentinel node using a magnetic tracer in thyroid cancer. A technical pilot study. / Detección del ganglio centinela mediante trazador paramagnético en el cáncer de tiroides. Estudio piloto técnico.

INTRODUCTION: There is no standard procedure for the detection of the sentinel node (SN) in thyroid disease. However, the recent detection of the SN using a paramagnetic tracer is proving to be useful in breast cancer and melanoma. The objective was to assess the utility of super paramagnetic iron oxide tracer for the intraoperative detection of the SN in patients with papillary thyroid cancer without nodal involvement in the preoperative study. METHOD: A single center, prospective pilot study of a class IIa medical device (a paramagnetic tracer). The study included thyroid cancers which were T1-T2 tumors in the cytohistological analysis with a negative preoperative nodal assessment, operated on consecutively during scheduled treatment. For the localization of the SN, an interlesional injection of 2mL of super paramagnetic iron oxide was administered. After ten minutes, ferromagnetic activity was detected in the adjacent nodes. Once the node had been detected, we proceeded by extracting it for intraoperative analysis. The effectiveness of the procedure for detecting the SN was assessed, with the main variable being whether it was detected or not. RESULTS: The project was assessed after the first cases had been carried out. The SN was located in all cases, which was done easily in the first four, but in the fifth case the SN detection was complicated by the interference of the reusable neurostimulation electrodes with the ferromagnetic signal. Intraoperative histology revealed the SN was positive in 80% (n=4) of cases (20% [n=1] were macrometastases and 60% [n=3] micrometastases). Total thyroidectomies were carried out, with central lymph node dissection in 4 of the patients and lateral in one due to the result of the detected SN. The histology showed the carcinoma was papillary, a classic type, in 80% (n=4) and a follicular variant in 20% (n=1). Forty percent (n=2) were multifocal, 40% (n=2) had vascular infiltration, and 60% (n=3) had extrathyroidal extension. Staging determined the application of radioactive iodine therapy (150mCi) in 80% of cases (n=4). CONCLUSIONS: A paramagnetic tracer can be useful for detecting the SN and correctly staging papillary carcinoma.

Evaluation of the thyroid nodule with high-resolution ultrasonography and elastography without fine needle aspiration biopsy. / Evaluación del nódulo tiroideo con ecografía y elastografía de alta resolución sin la punción-aspiración con aguja fina.

INTRODUCTION: Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the gold standard screening technique used in the diagnostic protocol for thyroid nodules. However, it is not free of complications. OBJECTIVE: To identify thyroid nodules in which FNAB could be avoided during the diagnostic process by means of the use of a high-resolution ultrasonography or elastography. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective, non-randomized study was carried out. Single thyroid nodules and dominant nodules of multinodular goiter were included. Patients who had undergone thyroid surgery in the past were excluded. All patients underwent a high-resolution ultrasound and elastography, and, subsequently, a FNAB. We analyzed the ultrasound variables in 2D and Doppler, followed by the elastographic variables, and the results of the FNAB according to Bethesda. To correlate the data, the nodules were classified as benign or malignant. Student's t test, the Chi-square test and a logistic regression analysis were applied for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 221 thyroid nodules were analyzed, 32 of which were malignant (14%). The most predictive ultrasound findings of malignancy (P<.05) were a hypoechoic or complex echostructure (OR=11.832), the presence of microcalcifications (OR=9.637) and chaotic vascularization observed in the Doppler (OR=46.464). With regard to the elastography, elastographic patterns i and ii were seen to be associated with benignity (P=.0004 and P<.0001, respectively). When type i or ii elastography was combined with an ultrasound showing a non-hypoechoic nor complex echostructure, without microcalcifications nor chaotic vascularization in the Doppler ultrasound, 100% of the cases were benign with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 14%. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a high-resolution ultrasound with an elastography makes it possible to select cases where a FNAB does not have to be performed. Cases susceptible to a periodic follow-up without the use of a FNAB are those without a hypoechoic nor complex structure, no microcalcifications, non-chaotic vascularization and a type i or ii elastography.

Infiltración traqueal por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado / Tracheal Infiltration by Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

La invasión traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos bien diferenciados es poco frecuente y la técnica quirúrgica a realizar todavía es motivo de controversia entre los cirujanos. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la literatura disponible sobre la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medlinede la literatura relacionada con la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides(2000 - 2016). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras y frases clave en inglés: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasión y las correspondientes a su traducción al español. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La mayoría de los artículos fueron de carácter retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las características clínicas de la lesión y los métodos de diagnóstico: laringotraqueoscopia, citología aspirativa y estudios imaginológicos. Se definieron las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los cuidados de anestesiología. Por último, se realizóla discusión crítica de los métodos de diagnóstico y de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el valor e indicación de cada una de estas. El cuadro clínico, la traqueoscopia, la imaginología y el estudio citopatológico son fundamentales para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Siempre que sea posible,la resección circunferencial de la tráquea debe ser la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de pacientes afectados por infiltración traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos diferenciados(AU)

Tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas is rare and surgical technique to be performed is still controversial among surgeons. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas. A literature review on the literature related to tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas (- 2016 2000) was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE. The following keywords and phrases in English were used: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasion and their corresponding translation into Spanish. No randomized clinical trials were found. Most articles were retrospective. Clinical characteristics of this lesion and its diagnostic methods were evaluated: laryngo-tracheoscopy, aspiration cytology, and imaging studies: clinical characteristics of the lesion and diagnostic methods were evaluated. Surgical indications and anesthesiology care were defined. Finally, a critical discussion was made on the diagnostic methods and surgical techniques used and the value and indication of each. The clinical condition, the tracheoscopy, imaging and cytopathology study are essential to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Wherever possible, the circumferential resection of the trachea should be the technique of choice in the treatment of patients with tracheal infiltration by differentiated thyroid carcinomas(AU)

Infiltración traqueal por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado / Tracheal Infiltration by Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

La invasión traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos bien diferenciados es poco frecuente y la técnica quirúrgica a realizar todavía es motivo de controversia entre los cirujanos. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la literatura disponible sobre la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medlinede la literatura relacionada con la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides(2000 - 2016). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras y frases clave en inglés: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasión y las correspondientes a su traducción al español. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La mayoría de los artículos fueron de carácter retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las características clínicas de la lesión y los métodos de diagnóstico: laringotraqueoscopia, citología aspirativa y estudios imaginológicos. Se definieron las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los cuidados de anestesiología. Por último, se realizóla discusión crítica de los métodos de diagnóstico y de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el valor e indicación de cada una de estas. El cuadro clínico, la traqueoscopia, la imaginología y el estudio citopatológico son fundamentales para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Siempre que sea posible,la resección circunferencial de la tráquea debe ser la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de pacientes afectados por infiltración traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos diferenciados(AU)

Tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas is rare and surgical technique to be performed is still controversial among surgeons. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas. A literature review on the literature related to tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas (- 2016 2000) was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE. The following keywords and phrases in English were used: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasion and their corresponding translation into Spanish. No randomized clinical trials were found. Most articles were retrospective. Clinical characteristics of this lesion and its diagnostic methods were evaluated: laryngo-tracheoscopy, aspiration cytology, and imaging studies: clinical characteristics of the lesion and diagnostic methods were evaluated. Surgical indications and anesthesiology care were defined. Finally, a critical discussion was made on the diagnostic methods and surgical techniques used and the value and indication of each. The clinical condition, the tracheoscopy, imaging and cytopathology study are essential to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Wherever possible, the circumferential resection of the trachea should be the technique of choice in the treatment of patients with tracheal infiltration by differentiated thyroid carcinomas(AU)

(131)I treatment in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and End-Stage Renal Disease.

PURPOSE: Radioiodine (RAI) is a cornerstone in the treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC). In patients on haemodialysis due to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), it must be used cautiously, considering the renal clearance of this radionuclide. Also, the safety of the procedure and subsequent long-term outcome is still not well defined. In 2001, we described a dosimetric method and short-term results in three patients, with a good safety profile. We hypothesize that our method is safe in a long-term scenario without compromising the prognosis of both renal and thyroid disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive-retrospective study. A systematic search was carried out using our clinical database from 2000 to 2014. INCLUSION CRITERIA: DTC and radioiodine treatment while on haemodialysis. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: peritoneal dialysis. RESULTS: Final sample n=9 patients (n=5 males), age 48 years (median age 51 years males, 67 years female group); n=8 papillary thyroid cancer, n=1 follicular thyroid cancer; n=5 lymph node invasion; n=1 metastatic disease. Median RAI dose administered on haemodialysis 100mCi. 7.5 years after radioiodine treatment on haemodialysis, n=7 deemed free of thyroid disease, n=1 persistent non-localised disease. No complications related to the procedure or other target organs were registered. After 3.25 years, n=4 patients underwent successful renal transplantation; n=4 patients did not meet transplantation criteria due to other conditions unrelated to the thyroid disease or its treatment. One patient died due to ischemic cardiomyopathy (free of thyroid disease). CONCLUSIONS: Radioiodine treatment during haemodialysis is a long-term, safe procedure without worsening prognosis of either renal or thyroid disease.

Características clínicas, ultrasonográficas y anatomopatológicas de pacientes operados por sospecha de malignidad tiroidea / Clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological characteristics of patients operated on for suspected thyroid malignancy

Introducción: el carcinoma tiroideo se caracteriza por su lenta evolución y elevado porcentaje de curación. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, ultrasonográficas y anatomopatológicas de los pacientes operados. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se utilizaron para obtener el dato primario las historias clínicas de los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: operados por sospecha de malignidad tiroidea, mayores de 18 años de edad que contaron con datos completos demográficos, clínicos, sonográficos y anatomopatológicos, y que estuviesen inscritos en el hospital. Se confeccionaron tablas de distribución de frecuencias. Se aplicó la prueba de comparación de proporciones para describir la significación estadística de las variables estudiadas en relación con la malignidad tiroidea. Resultados: el 81,8 por ciento de los pacientes afectados de malignidad tiroidea correspondió al género femenino. El 39,4 por ciento de estos correspondieron al grupo de edad entre 41 y 50 años, el 75,8 por ciento de este grupo de pacientes correspondió al examen sonográfico con un área del nódulo tiroideo mayor de 10 mm, el 53,3 por ciento de estos pacientes presentó como morfología tiroidea el nódulo único, y el 75,8 por ciento presentó como resultado de la citología con aguja fina un carcinoma de tiroides. El 91 por ciento presentó como clasificación histológica carcinoma papilar. Conclusiones: la mayor frecuencia de carcinoma fue la variante papilar. Se encontró de forma predominante en mujeres con edades entre los 41 y 50 años que tenían nódulos mayores de 1 cm(AU)

Introduction: thyroid carcinoma is characterized by slow progression and high recovery percentage. Objective: to describe the clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological characteristics of patients operated on for thyroid malignancy. Methods: retrospective and descriptive study for which the primary data were collected from the medical histories of patients who met the inclusion criteria. These criteria comprised surgery for suspected thyroid malignancy, age over 18 years, and complete demographic, clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological data and registration at the hospital. Frequency distribution tables were drawn up. The ratio comparison test was applied to describe the statistical significance of the studied variables with respect to the thyroid malignancy. Results: in the group of patients with thyroid malignancy, 81.8 percent were females, 39.4 percent aged 41 to 50 years. The ultrasonographic test showed that 75.8 percent of them had a thyroid nodule area greater than 10 mm, 53.3 percent presented solitary nodule morphology whereas the result of the fine needle aspiration cytology was thyroid carcinoma. The histological classification yielded papillary carcinoma in 91 percent of patients. Conclusions: the papillary carcinoma was the most common, particularly in females aged 41 to 50 years who had over 1 cm nodules(AU)

Características clínicas, ultrasonográficas y anatomopatológicas de pacientes operados por sospecha de malignidad tiroidea / Clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological characteristics of patients operated on for suspected thyroid malignancy

Introducción: El carcinoma tiroideo se caracteriza por su lenta evolución y elevado porcentaje de curación. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas, ultrasonográficas y anatomopatológicas de los pacientes operados. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se utilizaron para obtener el dato primario las historias clínicas de los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión: operados por sospecha de malignidad tiroidea, mayores de 18 años de edad que contaron con datos completos demográficos, clínicos, sonográficos y anatomopatológicos, y que estuviesen inscritos en el hospital. Se confeccionaron tablas de distribución de frecuencias. Se aplicó la prueba de comparación de proporciones para describir la significación estadística de las variables estudiadas en relación con la malignidad tiroidea. Resultados: el 81,8 por ciento de los pacientes afectados de malignidad tiroidea correspondió al género femenino. El 39,4 por ciento de estos correspondieron al grupo de edad entre 41 y 50 años, el 75,8 por ciento de este grupo de pacientes correspondió al examen sonográfico con un área del nódulo tiroideo mayor de 10 mm, el 53,3 por ciento de estos pacientes presentó como morfología tiroidea el nódulo único, y el 75,8 por ciento presentó como resultado de la citología con aguja fina un carcinoma de tiroides. El 91 por ciento presentó como clasificación histológica carcinoma papilar. Conclusiones: la mayor frecuencia de carcinoma fue la variante papilar. Se encontró de forma predominante en mujeres con edades entre los 41 y 50 años que tenían nódulos mayores de 1 cm(AU)

Introduction: Thyroid carcinoma is characterized by slow progression and high recovery percentage. Objective: to describe the clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological characteristics of patients operated on for thyroid malignancy. Methods: retrospective and descriptive study for which the primary data were collected from the medical histories of patients who met the inclusion criteria. These criteria comprised surgery for suspected thyroid malignancy, age over 18 years, and complete demographic, clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological data and registration at the hospital. Frequency distribution tables were drawn up. The ratio comparison test was applied to describe the statistical significance of the studied variables with respect to the thyroid malignancy. Results: in the group of patients with thyroid malignancy, 81.8 percent were females, 39.4 percent aged 41 to 50 years. The ultrasonographic test showed that 75.8 percent of them had a thyroid nodule area greater than 10 mm, 53.3 percent presented solitary nodule morphology whereas the result of the fine needle aspiration cytology was thyroid carcinoma. The histological classification yielded papillary carcinoma in 91 percent of patients. Conclusions: the papillary carcinoma was the most common, particularly in females aged 41 to 50 years who had over 1 cm nodules(AU)

Carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides: reclasificación del riesgo de recurrencia según la respuesta al tratamiento inicial / Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Reclassification of the Risk of Recurrence Based on the Response to Initial Treatment

Introducción: la clasificación de la American Thyroid Association (ATA) para carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) aporta una visión estática del paciente al inicio y no está diseñada para ser modificada. El Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MS-KCC) diseñó una reclasificación a 2 años del tratamiento inicial (TI), permitiendo tener una óptica más dinámica. Objetivo: comunicar nuestra experiencia con la reclasificación del riesgo de recurrencia de los pacientes con CDT según el sistema del MS-KCC. Material y métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo descriptivo de los resultados de la reclasificación del riesgo de recurrencia de los pacientes con CDT a 2 años del TI. Los clasificamos al inicio según la ATA y los reclasificamos a 2 años del TI según el MS-KCC. Resultados: clasificamos 31 pacientes según ATA: riesgo bajo 17 (54,8 %), riesgo intermedio 13 (42 %) y riesgo alto 1 (3,2 %) y reclasificación según MS-KCC: respuesta excelente 25 (80,6 %), respuesta aceptable 6 (19,4 %) y respuesta incompleta 0 (0 %). De los riesgo bajo, 14 (82,4 %) tuvieron una respuesta excelente y 3 (17,6 %) respuesta aceptable; los de riesgo intermedio, 11 (84,6 %) respuesta excelente y 2 (15,4 %) respuesta aceptable y los de riesgo alto, 1 (100 %) respuesta aceptable. Estado clínico a 2 años del TI: libre de enfermedad (LE) 25 (80,6 %) y persistencia bioquímica (PB) 6 (19,4 %). Al final del seguimiento a largo plazo, los pacientes con respuesta excelente, 24 (96 %) permanecieron LE y 1 (4 %) sin datos por falta de seguimiento. Conclusiones: 1) la reclasificación fue de gran utilidad principalmente en el grupo de riesgo intermedio, 2 la reclasificación nos permitirá optimizar el seguimiento de los pacientes y 3) hubo buena correlación entre el estado clínico a 2 años del TI y al final del seguimiento a largo plazo. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 51:8-14, 2014 Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de interés.

Introduction: differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most frequent endocrine tumor generally showing a favourable outcome. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) classification system is not only useful to assess the risk of recurrence but also guides tumor follow-up. However, this system shows a static image of the patient at the beginning of treatment based on clinical and pathological features, and it has not been designed to be modified along the clinical course of disease. Therefore, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MS-KCC) has designed a reclassification system after 2 years of the initial treatment (IT) thus providing a dynamic perspective of each patient. Objective: to report our experience with the MS-KCC risk of recurrence reclassification system on DTC patients. Materials and methods: retrospective observational descriptive study of the results of the reclassification system of the DCT patients after two years of IT with surgery and radioiodine ablation, between October 2004 and April 2011. Data was obtained by reviewing the charts of patients. All surgeries, laboratory determinations and nuclear medicine procedures took place at our Hospital. Patients were classified according to initial risk of recurrence based on the ATA system and they were reclassified following the system proposed by the MS-KCC 2 years after IT. Patients with antithyroglobulin antibodies > 12 IU/ml were excluded due to interference with thyroglobulin determination. Results: we reviewed data of 31 patients diagnosed with DTC. They were classified according to the ATA system as: low risk 17 (54.8 %), intermediate risk 13 (42 %) and high risk 1 (3.2 %) and they were reclassified following the MS-KCC system as having: excellent response 25 (80.6 %), acceptable response 6 (19.4 %) and incomplete response 0 (0 %). An excellent response was observed in 14 (82.4 %) and an acceptable response was observed in 3 (17.6 %) of the low-risk classified patients; an excellent response was observed in 11 (84.6 %) and an acceptable response was observed in 2 (15.4 %) of the intermediate-risk classified patients and in the high-risk group 1 patient (100 %) presented an acceptable response. Clinical status of patients after 2 years of IT: 25 (80.6 %) with no evidence of disease (NED), 6 (19.4 %) with biochemical persistence (BP) and 0 (0 %) with structural persistence (EP), recurrence (R) or death (D). After a mean long-term follow-up period of 51.3 months, the clinical status was: 25 (80.6 %) with NED, 4 (12.9 %) with BP and (0 %) with EP, R or D; for the remaining 2 (6.5 %) no long-term follow-up data was available (ND). At the end of the long-term follow-up period, 24 (96 %) patients with excellent response after 2 years of IT remained NED, whereas 1 (4 %) was reported as ND and 1 (16.7 %) patient with acceptable response after 2 years of IT remained NED (initially this was a low-risk patient), 4 (66.6 %) remained BP, 1 (16.7 %) was reported as ND and no EP, R or D was observed. Conclusions: 1) reclassification of patients was particularly useful in the intermediate risk group because 84.6 % of these patients had an excellent response after two years of IT, 2) reclassification of patients based on the response to IT, allows us to optimize their follow-up and 3) although the mean long-term follow-up period was 51.3 months, there was a good correlation between clinical status after two years of IT and after the long-term follow-up period, mainly in the excellent response group. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 51:8-14, 2014 No financial conflicts of interest exist.

Clinical applications of scintigraphy in small animals in Buenos Aires, Argentina / Indicaciones y aplicaciones clínicas de la centellografía realizada en pequeños animales en Buenos Aires, Argentina / Indicações e aplicações clínicas da cintilografia de pequenos animais realizada em Buenos Aires, Argentina

Scintigraphy (CGF) is a diagnostic imaging tool utilizing specific radiopharmaceuticals to assess the anatomical and functional status for each organ or tissue. This technology allows the veterinarian to anticipate, supplement or complete the diagnosis, and also to monitor the treatment. Unfortunately, this diagnostic method is little known, and its lack of dissemination among clinical veterinarians prevents its optimal use. In order to understand the benefits of CGF as an effective imaging tool in the city of Buenos Aires during the years 2004-2006, we analyzed the studies that utilized CGF in canine and cats during this period. From a total of 142 studies, it was found that 38.6% of the assessments corresponded to thyroid disorders, while 61.4% of the remaining studies that involved CGF included, in descending order, pathologies associated with liver, bone, kidneys, parathyroid gland and lungs. The main findings in this paper highlight the use of CGF in the diagnosis of functional thyroid carcinoma followed by portosystemic shunt, bone neoplasms, evaluation of individual kidney function, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid adenoma and pulmonary embolism.

La centellografía (CGF) es una ayuda diagnóstica a través de imágenes, que permite evaluar el estado anatómico-funcional por medio del empleo de radiofármacos específicos para cada órgano o tejido en los animales de compañía, permitiendo anticipar, complementar o concluir un diagnóstico, al igual que permite hacer el seguimiento al tratamiento instaurado. Lamentablemente es un método diagnóstico muy poco conocido y difundido entre los clínicos veterinarios, llegando a omitirse su realización. Con el propósito de conocer los diferentes tipos de estudios, aportes e indicaciones que se obtuvieron mediante el uso de la cámara gamma en la ciudad de Buenos Aires durante los años 2004-2006, se analizaron los informes de los estudios CGF que fueron realizados a caninos y felinos durante este periodo. Al finalizar el estudio se logro determinar que el 38.6% del total de los 142 estudios correspondía a evaluaciones de la glándula tiroides, mientras el 61.37% estaba constituido por cinco diferentes estudios entre los que se mencionan en orden decreciente, CGF hepática, ósea, renal, paratiroidea y pulmonar. Las principales indicaciones encontradas en el presente trabajo se destacó el diagnóstico de carcinoma de glándula tiroides funcional seguido por el shunt porto sistémico, neoplasias de tejido óseo, evaluación de la función renal individual, hiperplasia paratiroidea, adenoma paratiroides y embolismo pulmonar.

A cintilografia (CGF) é um auxílio diagnóstico através de imagens, que avalia o estado anatômico e funcional através do uso de radiofármacos específicos para cada órgão ou tecido em animais domésticos, permitindo antecipar, complementar ou completar o diagnóstico, Também permite monitorar o tratamento iniciado. Infelizmente é um método de diagnóstico pouco conhecido e divulgado entre os clínicos veterinários. Com o propósito de compreender os diferentes tipos de estudos, aportes e indicações que foram realizados utilizando-se uma câmara gamma, na cidade de Buenos Aires, durante o período de 2004-2006. Foram analisados os informes dos estudos de CGF que foram conduzidos para cães e gatos durante este período. No final do estudo foi determinado que o 38,6% do total de 142 estudos correspondem às avaliações da glândula tireóide, enquanto que 61,37% era composto por cinco diferentes estudos entre os listados em ordem decrescente, fígado, ósseo, renal , paratireóide e pulmão. As principais indicações encontrados neste trabalho destacaram o diagnóstico de carcinoma da tiróide funcional, seguido pelo shunt sistêmico, neoplasias ósseas, da função renal individual, hiperplasia da paratireóide, adenoma da paratireóide e embolia pulmonar.